| 1880'ler | 1940'lar |
| Tonalizm - 1880 - 1920 | Soyut dışavurumculuk - 1945 ve sonrası |
| Sembolizm - 1880 - 1900'ların başı | Aksiyon resmi |
| Post-empresyonizm (Geç İzlenimcilik) | Renk alanı resmi |
| Neo-empresyonizm (Yeni İzlenimcilik) | Art informel |
| Art brut | |
| 1890'lar | Tachism |
| Ekspresyonizm (Dışavurumculuk) | 1950'ler |
| Fauvism | |
| Neo-dada - 1950'ler | |
| 1900'ler | Pop art |
| Durumculuk | |
| Die Brücke - 1905 - 1913 | |
| Art nouveau - 1905 - 1939 | 1960'lar |
| Kübizm - 1908 – 1939 | |
| Fütürizm - 1909 - 1939 | Op Art |
| Geç-resimsel soyutlama | |
| 1910'lar | Sert kenar resmi |
| Fluxus | |
| Süprematizm - 1915 - 1920'ler | Minimalizm |
| Dada - 1916 - 1923 | Kavramsal sanat |
| Bauhaus - 1919 - 1933 | Performans sanatı |
| Fotogerçekçilik | |
| 1920'ler | Süreç sanatı |
| Arazi sanatı | |
| Neue Sachlichkeit - 1920'ler - 1940'ler | Post-Minimalizm |
| Konstrüktivizm - 1920'ler ve sonrası | |
| Art deco - 1920'ler - 1930'ler | |
| de Stijl - 1920'ler - 1932 | |
| Sürrealizm - 1922 - 1939 | |
| 1930'lar - II.Dünya Savaşı | |
| Abstraction-Création - 1931-1936 | |
| Sosyalist realizm - 1930 - 1950 |
1 Temmuz 2012 Pazar
20. yy Resim Sanatı Tarihler
20. yy önemli olaylar
| Yıl | Olay | Besteci |
| 1900 | ||
| Dünyanın ilk metrosu Paris' te hizmete girdi. | Arnold Schoenberg | |
| İlk okyanus aşırı radyo yayını yapıldı. | Anton Webern | |
| Pablo Picasso'nun eserleri ilk defa sergilendi. | Alban Berg | |
| Wright Kardeşler uçağı icat etti. | Serge Prokofieff | |
| Rus-Japon Savaşı başladı. Rus Çarlığı yenildi. | Heitor Villa-Lobos | |
| Albert Einstein görelilik kuramı' nı ortaya attı. | Béla Bartók | |
| Auguste ve Louis Lumiére renkli fotografçıklığı geliştirir. | Ernst Bloch | |
| 1910 | Edgard Varèse | |
| Paslanmaz çelik ilk olarak Sheffield, İngiltere'de icat edildi. | Claude Debussy | |
| I. Dünya Savaşı başlar. | Alexander Scriabin | |
| İlk telefon görüşmesi yapıldı. | Maurice Ravel | |
| Tank, ilk kez I. Dünya Savaşı'nda kullanıldı. | Kaikhosru Sorabji | |
| Nazi partisi kuruldu. | Igor Stravinsky | |
| 1920 | George Gershwin | |
| ABD'de düzenli radyo yayınları başladı. | Charles Edward Ives | |
| Robot sözcüğü ilk kez kullanıldı. | Aaron Copland | |
| lk başarılı roket deneyi gerçekleştirdi. | Jean Sibelius | |
| Sesli sinema filmi yapıldı. | Erik Satie | |
| Alexander Fleming, penisilini buldu. | Alexander von Zemlinsky | |
| Rusya'da büyük bir kuraklık başlar. 18 milyon kişi açlıktan ölür. | Aram Ilich Khachaturian | |
| John Logie Baird, ilk televizyon görüntülerini iletir. | Joaquin Rodrigo | |
| Dünya bir ekonomik krize girer. | Dmitri Shostakovich | |
| 1930 | Olivier Messiaen | |
| Matahma Gandhi, Hindistan'daki pasif direnişi başlatır. | William Walton | |
| Plüton gezegeni keşfedilir. | Benjamin Britten | |
| Güneş Sistemi'nin dışından gelen radyo dalgaları keşfedilir. | Pierre Schaeffer | |
| Şeritli Manyetefon icad edilir. | Iannis Xenakis | |
| Naylon bulunur. | Milton Babbitt | |
| Radar icad edilir | Bülent Arel | |
| II. Dünya Savaşı başlar. | György Ligeti | |
| 1940 | Luigi Nono | |
| II. Dünya Savaşı'nda Birleşik Krallık; Bulgaristan, Macaristan ve Romanya'ya, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ve Hindistan ise Japonya'ya savaş ilan etti. | Luciano Berio | |
| Alman ordusu Paris'e girer, İtalya Yunanistana saldırır. | Pierre Boulez | |
| Japon donanması, Pearl Harbor'u bombalar | Karlheinz Stockhausen | |
| Japonya'nın Hiroşima ve Nagasaki kentlerine atom bombası atıldı. | George Crumb | |
| Birleşmiş Milletler Eğitim, Bilim ve Kültür Örgütü'nun yasası Londra'da 44 ülkenin katılımıyla kabul edildi | John Cage | |
| İsrail bağımsızlığını ilan etti. | ||
| ABD'de ilk renkli TV yayınları başladı. | ||
| ABD, Manhattan projesini başlattı. | ||
| İlk otomatik elektronik sayısal bilgisayar icad edildi | ||
| Radyoaktif karbonla (karbon-14) tarihleme yöntemini geliştirildi. | ||
| "Sesduvarı" aşıldı. | ||
| NATO kuruldu | ||
| 1950 | Toru Takemitsu | |
| RCA ilk bireştireci yaptı. | Krzysztof Penderecki | |
| Dünyada ilk bilgisayar satışa sunuldu. | ladimir Ussachevsky | |
| Avrupa Kültür Anlaşması, Cenevre’de imzalandı | ||
| Sovyetler Birliği'ne ait, dünyanın ilk yapay uydusu olan Sputnik 1 uzaya fırlatıldı. | ||
| İlk Parkmetreler Birleşik Krallık'ta kullanılmaya başlandı | ||
| Uçuk mavi popüler renkti. | ||
| Küba'da Fulgencio Batista iktidarı, Fidel Castro ve Che Guevara önderliğinde yıkıldı. | ||
| 1960 | Michael Finnissy | |
| Berlin Duvarı'nın yapımına başlandı. | İlhan mimaroglu | |
| İsrail birlikleri Kudüs'ü ele geçirdiler. | ||
| Kalp nakli yapıldı | ||
| Paris Sorbonne üniversitesinde başlayan mitingle tüm Fransa'da öğrenciler ve işçiler tarafından isyanlar çıktı, meclisin feshedilmesine bile neden olan olaylar silsilesi başladı. İsyan 16 Haziran'da bastırıldı. İsyan bir sürü sivilin ve polisin ölümüne se | ||
| Ses hızını aşan ilk yolcu uçağı Concorde deneme uçuşunu başarıyla gerçekleştirdi. | ||
| Tarihte ilk kez insanlı bir uzay aracı Ay'a ulaştı. Apollo 11, 20 Temmuz 1969'da Ay yüzeyine indi. Astronot Neil Armstrong Ay'a ilk ayak basan insan oldu. | ||
| Vitnam Savaşı başladı. | ||
| 1970 | ||
| Rüzgar enerjisi yeniden gündeme geldi. | ||
| Amerikan sondası Mariner-9 Mars gezegeni çevresinde yörüngeye girdi ve yaklaşık bir yıl boyunca gezegenin yüzey haritasını çıkardı. | ||
| Salvador Allende, dünyada (Şili'de) seçimler yoluyla göreve getirilmiş ilk marksist lider oldu. | ||
| Dünya'nın 3. büyük opera binası olan İstanbul'daki Atatürk Kültür Merkezi bütünüyle yandı. | ||
| İlk Mikroişlemci (Intel 4004) yapıldı. | ||
| Elektronik posta (e-mail) geliştirildi. | ||
| ABD başkanı Richard Nixon görevinden istifa etti (Watergate skandalı) | ||
| Vitnam Savaşı bitti. | ||
| Monarşi İspanya'ya geri döndü; Juan Carlos İspanya kralı oldu. | ||
| 1980 | ||
| IBM PC (Personal Computer) kişisel bilgisayarlar piyasaya sürüldü | ||
| MTV yayına girdi | ||
| Arjantin, Birleşik Krallık'a bağlı Falkland Adaları'nı işgal etmeye başladı. | ||
| Çernobil faciası gerçekleşti. | ||
| S.S.C.B. Bölündü. | ||
| Yugoslavya dağıldı. | ||
| Phjlips firması ilk kompakt diski (CD) tanıttı. | ||
| 1990 | Michael Hersch | |
| Körfez Savaşı başladı. | ||
| Hubble Uzay Teleskopu uzaya gönderildi. | ||
| Karadeliklerin varlığına ilişkin kanıtlar bulundu . | ||
| İlk genetik kopyalama gerçekleştirildi. | ||
| Almanya yeniden birleşti. | ||
| WWW servisi hizmete girdi. | ||
| Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Başkanı Bush ve Rusya Devlet Başkanı Boris Yeltsin, ilk nükleer silah indirimi anlaşmasını imzaladılar. | ||
| Bosna savaşı gerçekleşti. |
Etiketler:
20. yy,
akımları,
besteciler,
çağdaş,
çağdaş besteciler,
modernizm,
sanat
Ludwig van Beethoven, Piyano Sonata No. 8 in C minor, Op. 13 (Pathétique)
Ludwig van Beethoven
Piyano
Sonata No. 8 in C minor, Op. 13 (Pathétique)
18. yüzyılın 19. yüzyıla kavuştuğu
günlerde, Fransız Devrimi Avrupa' yı sarsarken genç Beethoven da müzik
dünyasında yeni çağı hazırlamakla meşguldü. Kimileri için Klasik dönemi doruğa
ulaştırıp Romantik döneme kimlik kazandıran,
kimileri için ise Klasik ve Romantik çağlardan farklı bir
"çağ" olarak görülen bu önemli besteci; 1770 yılında Almanya' nın Bonn kentinde doğmuş, yaşadığı
tarih açısından her iki döneme de
damgasını vurmuştur.
Beethoven hiç kimseyi mutlu etmek
için eser yazmadığı gibi, bestelerini de bir gösteriş olarak değil, iç
dünyasının gereksinimi olduğu için üretmiştir.
Genç Beethoven' ın Pathétique sonatı yazarken, Mozart K. 475, Haydn Senfoni No. 103 gibi
eserlerden ve Jan Ladislav Dussek' in piyano sonatlarından etkilendiğini
söyleyebiliriz.
Beethoven ın müziğinde kendilerini
geliştiren motifler, tematik yapı ve melodi ile o denli birbirine kenetlenmiştir ki tek bir motiften
koca senfoniler yazılmış ve bütünlük içinde sunulmuştur. Tematik yapı, çeşitli
şekillerde büyümekte ve küçülmekte; bir cümleden ayrışarak yapıtın başka bir
yerinde ansızın ortaya çıkabilmektedir. Bu gelişimler sonat biçiminin
karakterini ve anlatımını içerdiği gibi,
yapısal açıdan da bütünleşmeyi sağlamaktadır.
Pathétique sonat içinde de bu
gelişimleri gözleyebiliriz. Eser grave tempolu do re mib motifi ile başlar.
Çıkıcı hareketlerle motif 7 kez yükselir ve 7 kez düşer.
Motif, "Allergro" bölümünde gerçek bir çıkış özgürlüğüne varır.
Bu motifle, "Allegro con brio" nun ana teması "fa sol lab"
motifi birbirinden kopmaz bir biçimde içiçe geçer kenetlenir.
Yükseliş düşüncesi,
"Grave" girişinde olduğu gibi, "Allegro-Rondo" bölümlerinde
de görülmektedir.
"Do re mib" motifi,
Allegro con brio nun development bölümünün, Eb 2. temasının da içinde
bulunmaktadır.
Aynı bölümün mib re do re fa mib
seslerinden oluşan ve triller ile süslenmiş olan birbaşka motif, eserin
2.Adagio cantabile bölümünün 20. ölçüsünde değişmiş bir ritm ve grupettolar ile
süslenmiş olarak karşımıza çıkar. Ezgisel sesler ve notalar her iki motifte de
eşittir.
3.Rondo bölümünün ana teması ile ilk
bölümün motifinin gelişmiş halidir. Rondo nun ana temasında da do re mib
sıralanışını görebiliriz. 2. bölümün ana temasının yan cümlesindeki son motif
ise, rondo bölümün, ana temasının, 3. motifini türetmiştir. Burda ezgiler
birbirine benzerlik göstermekle birlikte ritm ve tonalite değişmektedir.
Beethoven, eserlerinde fikirlerini birbiri içinde bu şekilde
yoğurmuş ve tümevarmasını sağlamıştır. Bu yüksek bütünlük duygusu dinleyicisine
eserini yaşattırmıştır.
Tüm bu kompozisyon teknikleri üzerindeki
dehası ve farklı iç dünyası bir araya geldiğinde, eserlerinde birbirinden
farklı havaya bürünen bölümleri ve bölümlerin içindeki karşıtlıkları yaratmış,
Beethoven' ı müzik dünyasında ayrı bir çağ olarak görülmesini düşündürecek
kadar önemli bir yere ulaştırmıştır.
HERBERT SPENCER
HERBERT SPENCER
Part One : LIFE
He was born in Derby, England on April 27, 1820. He was the eldest child of nine children, but the only
one to survive infancy. He had weak and sickly childhood . His father and many of his
family members was teacher. However, He hadn't educated formally. George taught him
Sciences and Math, but education was weak in other areas because he thaught Spencer
from an extremist nonconformist perspective. His entire family was very nonconformist and
individualistic. He worked as civil engineer for railway but in his early 20s, turned to
journalism and political writing. He became a subeditor for The Economist. Then he
finished first book named Social statics. Upon the death of his uncle Thomas, in 1853,
Spencer received a small inheritance which allowed him to devote himself to writing
without depending on regular employment. In 1855, He wrote second book named The
Principles Of Pschology. It wasnt's succesful as much as first book. About this time he
experienced serious health problems that affected him for the rest of his life. He could
write for only few hours each day. His published works are The social Organism, First
Principles, Principles of Biology, The study of sociology, The principles of Ethics- many
volumes, The Principles of Sociology- many volumes, The Man Versus the State and
Autobiography .
Part Two : Spencer's Ideas
The most memorable idea of the english philosopher Herbert spencer was his
assertion that the passing of time withnesses “the survival of the fittest”. He used this
words for refer to society. As a biologist, He thought that society mirrored biology. His
social darwinist idea is that if you compete among society, the most intelligent,
ambitious, and productive people will inevitably win out. He supporting this cruel
competition, thinking that as the fittest survived, society would undergo steady
improvements. Thus he think that don't help poor people because this movement drag
society down. Therefore, of course industrialists applauded spencer. Spencer's thoughts
about economy is goverments shouldn't interfere to economy. The most financial giant
Rockeffeller, often recited Spencer's “social gospel” to young children in Sunday school,
casting the growth of giant corporations as merely the naturally ordained “survival of the
fittest”. Others, contrarily stand the idea, because they aren' t in a jungle. Socaity's
worthy is much than a selfish jungle. Thus, social darwinism fell out of favour among social
scientists, though it still surfaces today as an influential element of conservative political
thought.
Part Three : The System Of Synthetic Philosophy
Spencer was standing his generation's ideas because orthodox mentality was
weaken against modern sicence mentality. His philosophy system added fundementals to
understanding excellence of human such as such as the first law of thermodynamics and
biological evolution. In essence Spencer's philosophical vision was formed by a
combination of deism and positivism. On the one hand, he had learned something of
eighteenth century deism from his father and other members of the Derby Philosophical
Society and from books.
He refer about this world as design of the universe and rules of nature's “Being
transcendentally kind”. Well planned nature rules by the creator, objected for providing
human hapiness.
Beyond the accepting positivist ideas, he thought conception of a philosophical
system as compound with other branches of scientific knowledge. He followed positivism
because positivism provides only genuine knowledge without speculative ideas about
nature of reality. His system of synthetic philosophy, reflected his tension between
positivisim and deisim. Spencer followed comte for certainity of scientific knowledge. He
justified like comte that laws of nature are valid for the universe. The first objective of the
synthetic philosophy was that, all the events in the universe can be explained in natural
laws. Spencer studyed branches like biology, sociology, psychology for proving that natural
laws monitoring in different scientific disciplines. It is obvious in his writings about ethics
that, laws of ethics and laws of nature have same contents.
The second objective of the Synthetic Philosophy was to show that these same
laws are merciless. Contary to Comte' s wholeness of scientific method, Spencer believe
that scientific knowledge is a form of natural laws and it is the reduction of evolutional
laws.
Part Four : Evolution
Spencers's first article about his evolutional perspective named “Progress: Its Law and Cause” published in 1857 and formed to “First Principles of a New System of Philosophy”. This article included some ideas from Samuel Taylor Coleridge' s “The Theory of Life” and law of embryological development. He explained an evolutional theory. Spencer thought that all tha structures in the universe develop from a simple, undifferentiated, homogeneity to a complex, differentiated, heterogeneity, while being accompanied by a process of greater integration of the differentiated parts.(Spencer evrendeki bütün oluşumların basit, değişime uğramamamış ve homojenlikten karmaşık, değişime uğramış ve heterojen bir hale, daha çok değişime uğrayan parçalarla entegre olduğu bir süreçten geçerek oluştuğunu ileri sürer) This evolutionary process could be found at all the universe. It was a universal law, applying to the stars and the galaxies as much as to biological organisms, and to human social organization as much as to the human mind. It differed from other scientific laws because it is too general and special siences laws are an example for it's princple.
This attempt to explain the evolution of complexity was radically different from that to be found in Darwin’s Origin of Species which was published two years later. Spencer is often, quite erroneously, believed to have only appropriated and generalized Darwin’s work on natural selection. The primary mechanism of species transformation that he recognized was Lamarckian use-inheritance which posited that organs are developed or are diminished by use or disuse and that the resulting changes may be transmitted to future generations. This evolutional mechanism is important for explaining “high evolution” especially for humanitys social devolopment. Spencer, in contrast to Darwin, he thought that evolution had a direction and an end-point, the attainment of a final state of ”equilibrium”.
Part Five : Sociology
The evolutionary progression from simple, undifferentiated homogeneity to complex, differentiated heterogeneity was exemplified, Spencer argued, by the development of society.(Evrimin; basit, farklılaşmamış homojenlikten karmaşık, farklılaşmış heterojenliğe ilerleyişi Spencer'a göre toplumun gelişimi ile açıklanmıştı.) He developed a theory of two types of society, the militant and the industrial, which corresponded to this evolutionary progression. Militant society, structured around relationships of hierarchy and obedience, was simple and undifferentiated; industrial society, based on voluntary, contractually assumed social obligations, was complex and differentiated.(boyun eğme ve hiyerarşik ilişkiler üzerine kurulu militan(saldırgan) toplum basit ve farklılaşmamış; sözleşmeye dayalı yükümlülükler ve gönüllülük üzerine kurulu endüstriyel toplumsa karmaşık ve farklılaşmıştı.) Spencer's described society as “social organism” was evolving to more complex according to universal evolutional law. Industrial society was the direct descendant of the ideal society developed in “Social Statics”.
Part Three : Human Nature
As a researcher, Spencer believed in evolution. Everything can be explained in
evolution. In this process, onrganisms are develop from simple to more complex level by
level as natural selection. The man who said that “the survival of the fittest” was Spencer,
not Darwin. What we are is determined by what we inherit and circumstances of our
enviroment . For Spencer, our mind and body developing paralelly and our central nervous
system and brain development was mechanisitic. Inclination between individuals in races
was reflected in the charesteristic of rational self-interest. During the evolution period,
social life is the most important role on individualizm with rising of socialization.
Part One : LIFE
He was born in Derby, England on April 27, 1820. He was the eldest child of nine children, but the only
one to survive infancy. He had weak and sickly childhood . His father and many of his
family members was teacher. However, He hadn't educated formally. George taught him
Sciences and Math, but education was weak in other areas because he thaught Spencer
from an extremist nonconformist perspective. His entire family was very nonconformist and
individualistic. He worked as civil engineer for railway but in his early 20s, turned to
journalism and political writing. He became a subeditor for The Economist. Then he
finished first book named Social statics. Upon the death of his uncle Thomas, in 1853,
Spencer received a small inheritance which allowed him to devote himself to writing
without depending on regular employment. In 1855, He wrote second book named The
Principles Of Pschology. It wasnt's succesful as much as first book. About this time he
experienced serious health problems that affected him for the rest of his life. He could
write for only few hours each day. His published works are The social Organism, First
Principles, Principles of Biology, The study of sociology, The principles of Ethics- many
volumes, The Principles of Sociology- many volumes, The Man Versus the State and
Autobiography .
Part Two : Spencer's Ideas
The most memorable idea of the english philosopher Herbert spencer was his
assertion that the passing of time withnesses “the survival of the fittest”. He used this
words for refer to society. As a biologist, He thought that society mirrored biology. His
social darwinist idea is that if you compete among society, the most intelligent,
ambitious, and productive people will inevitably win out. He supporting this cruel
competition, thinking that as the fittest survived, society would undergo steady
improvements. Thus he think that don't help poor people because this movement drag
society down. Therefore, of course industrialists applauded spencer. Spencer's thoughts
about economy is goverments shouldn't interfere to economy. The most financial giant
Rockeffeller, often recited Spencer's “social gospel” to young children in Sunday school,
casting the growth of giant corporations as merely the naturally ordained “survival of the
fittest”. Others, contrarily stand the idea, because they aren' t in a jungle. Socaity's
worthy is much than a selfish jungle. Thus, social darwinism fell out of favour among social
scientists, though it still surfaces today as an influential element of conservative political
thought.
Part Three : The System Of Synthetic Philosophy
Spencer was standing his generation's ideas because orthodox mentality was
weaken against modern sicence mentality. His philosophy system added fundementals to
understanding excellence of human such as such as the first law of thermodynamics and
biological evolution. In essence Spencer's philosophical vision was formed by a
combination of deism and positivism. On the one hand, he had learned something of
eighteenth century deism from his father and other members of the Derby Philosophical
Society and from books.
He refer about this world as design of the universe and rules of nature's “Being
transcendentally kind”. Well planned nature rules by the creator, objected for providing
human hapiness.
Beyond the accepting positivist ideas, he thought conception of a philosophical
system as compound with other branches of scientific knowledge. He followed positivism
because positivism provides only genuine knowledge without speculative ideas about
nature of reality. His system of synthetic philosophy, reflected his tension between
positivisim and deisim. Spencer followed comte for certainity of scientific knowledge. He
justified like comte that laws of nature are valid for the universe. The first objective of the
synthetic philosophy was that, all the events in the universe can be explained in natural
laws. Spencer studyed branches like biology, sociology, psychology for proving that natural
laws monitoring in different scientific disciplines. It is obvious in his writings about ethics
that, laws of ethics and laws of nature have same contents.
The second objective of the Synthetic Philosophy was to show that these same
laws are merciless. Contary to Comte' s wholeness of scientific method, Spencer believe
that scientific knowledge is a form of natural laws and it is the reduction of evolutional
laws.
Part Four : Evolution
Spencers's first article about his evolutional perspective named “Progress: Its Law and Cause” published in 1857 and formed to “First Principles of a New System of Philosophy”. This article included some ideas from Samuel Taylor Coleridge' s “The Theory of Life” and law of embryological development. He explained an evolutional theory. Spencer thought that all tha structures in the universe develop from a simple, undifferentiated, homogeneity to a complex, differentiated, heterogeneity, while being accompanied by a process of greater integration of the differentiated parts.(Spencer evrendeki bütün oluşumların basit, değişime uğramamamış ve homojenlikten karmaşık, değişime uğramış ve heterojen bir hale, daha çok değişime uğrayan parçalarla entegre olduğu bir süreçten geçerek oluştuğunu ileri sürer) This evolutionary process could be found at all the universe. It was a universal law, applying to the stars and the galaxies as much as to biological organisms, and to human social organization as much as to the human mind. It differed from other scientific laws because it is too general and special siences laws are an example for it's princple.
This attempt to explain the evolution of complexity was radically different from that to be found in Darwin’s Origin of Species which was published two years later. Spencer is often, quite erroneously, believed to have only appropriated and generalized Darwin’s work on natural selection. The primary mechanism of species transformation that he recognized was Lamarckian use-inheritance which posited that organs are developed or are diminished by use or disuse and that the resulting changes may be transmitted to future generations. This evolutional mechanism is important for explaining “high evolution” especially for humanitys social devolopment. Spencer, in contrast to Darwin, he thought that evolution had a direction and an end-point, the attainment of a final state of ”equilibrium”.
Part Five : Sociology
The evolutionary progression from simple, undifferentiated homogeneity to complex, differentiated heterogeneity was exemplified, Spencer argued, by the development of society.(Evrimin; basit, farklılaşmamış homojenlikten karmaşık, farklılaşmış heterojenliğe ilerleyişi Spencer'a göre toplumun gelişimi ile açıklanmıştı.) He developed a theory of two types of society, the militant and the industrial, which corresponded to this evolutionary progression. Militant society, structured around relationships of hierarchy and obedience, was simple and undifferentiated; industrial society, based on voluntary, contractually assumed social obligations, was complex and differentiated.(boyun eğme ve hiyerarşik ilişkiler üzerine kurulu militan(saldırgan) toplum basit ve farklılaşmamış; sözleşmeye dayalı yükümlülükler ve gönüllülük üzerine kurulu endüstriyel toplumsa karmaşık ve farklılaşmıştı.) Spencer's described society as “social organism” was evolving to more complex according to universal evolutional law. Industrial society was the direct descendant of the ideal society developed in “Social Statics”.
Part Three : Human Nature
As a researcher, Spencer believed in evolution. Everything can be explained in
evolution. In this process, onrganisms are develop from simple to more complex level by
level as natural selection. The man who said that “the survival of the fittest” was Spencer,
not Darwin. What we are is determined by what we inherit and circumstances of our
enviroment . For Spencer, our mind and body developing paralelly and our central nervous
system and brain development was mechanisitic. Inclination between individuals in races
was reflected in the charesteristic of rational self-interest. During the evolution period,
social life is the most important role on individualizm with rising of socialization.
Beethoven Sonata in C Minor Op. 10, No. 1, Analysis
Beethoven Sonata in C Minor Op. 10, No. 1
1.Allegro molto e con brio
(Sonata)
Exposition
mm.
1-8 1st Theme in Tonic with parallel period.
Antecedent Consequent
Basic Idea Contrasting Idea Basic Idea Contrasting Idea
________________________________________________________
1 4
8
HC PAC
mm.
9-21 Development of Contrasting Idea form 1st Theme.
mm.
22-30 Theme 1 in different register with parallel period.
mm.
32-55 Transition. Includes F minor and Db major.
mm.
56-63 Theme 2 in Db major with parallel sentence.
Antecedent Consequent
Basic Idea Contrasting Idea Basic Idea Contrasting Idea
________________________________________________________
56 59
63
HC IAC
mm.
64-105 Coda. Materials of coda is Theme 2 bass part
and Theme 1 motif.
Development
mm.
106-113 Theme 1 in F minor.
mm.
114-117 Codetta.
mm.
118-133 Development of theme 2.
mm.
134-135 Codetta, closed in Db Major.
mm.
136-167 Development in Db major Bb
minor.
Recapitulation
mm.
168-187 Same with Theme 1 in C minor tonic form exposition.
mm.
188-189 Codetta.
mm. 191-214 Transition.
mm.
215-228 Recapitulation of Theme 2 in F minor.
mm.
229-232 Codetta.
mm.
233-284 Coda. Includes Theme 1 and Theme 2 ideas. Ends
in Tonic C minor.
2. Adagio Molto
(Sonata
Exposition and Recapitulation)
mm.
1-16 First 8 measure Theme 1 Contrasting period in Ab. Contrasting sentence. Connected to its
symetry.
Antecedent Continuation
Basic Idea Contrasting Idea
________________________________________________________
1
4 8
HC
IAC
Antecedent Continuation
Basic Idea Contrasting Idea
________________________________________________________
9
12 16
HC
PAC
mm.
17-23 Transition in Bb major.
mm.
24-45 Theme 2 in Eb Major. Variation after first 8 measure contrasting
sentence.
Antecedent Continuation
Basic Idea Contrasting Idea
________________________________________________________
24
27 31
HC
IAC
mm.
46-61 Recapitulation. Theme 1.
mm.
62-70 Transition.
mm.
71-90 Theme 2 in Ab major.
mm.
91-112 Coda includes theme 1 material.
3. FINALE
Prestissimo
(Sonata)
mm.
1-8 Exposition. Theme 1 in C minor. Contrasting
sentence.
Antecedent Continuation
Basic Idea Contrasting Idea
________________________________________________________
1 4 8
HC
PAC
mm.
9-10 Codetta.
mm.
11-16 Transition to Eb major.
mm.
17-24 Theme 2 in Eb major. Parallel sentence.
Antecedent Consequent
Basic Idea Contrasting Idea Basic Idea Contrasting Idea
________________________________________________________
17 20
24
HC IAC
mm.
25-27 Codetta.
mm.
28-46 Coda.
mm. 47-56 Development starts.
Development of Theme 1.
mm.
57-73 Recapitulation starts. Theme 1 in C minor and transition.
mm.
74-101 Theme 2 in C major and coda.
mm.
102-123 Coda.
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